10. OTHER OPERATING EXPENSE, NET

Litigation expenses and accruals for legal contingencies generally represent legal and professional fees incurred in significant litigation as well as estimates for loss contingencies with regards to certain vendor disputes and litigation matters. In 2024, substantially all of these costs represent litigation costs incurred in connection with certain patent infringement lawsuits with Halliburton, which were settled in September 2024. See "Note 14. Commitments and Contingencies" for a discussion of significant litigation matters. In 2023 more than half of these costs were related to litigation costs incurred in connection with the lawsuits against Halliburton.

Gain on insurance recoveries consists of insurance proceeds received for accidentally damaged or destroyed equipment in excess of its carrying value.

The transaction costs for 2024 represent deferred costs incurred for Alpine's initial public offering that were charged to earnings as a result of its postponement.

Severance charges related to the departure of certain highly-compensated employees.

Gain or loss on disposal of assets, net consists of gains or losses on excess property, early equipment failures, and other asset dispositions.

Impairments of long-lived assets in 2023 related to certain construction-in-process assets at one of our acquired sand mines that were abandoned.

Supply commitment charges for 2024 represent charges related to contractual inventory purchase commitments to certain proppant suppliers. These charges were attributable to our decreased volume of purchases from these suppliers due to certain customers decreasing their activity levels. If future customer demand differs from our contracted supply, we may incur supply commitment charges in future periods.

The acquisition earnout adjustments represent a decrease in the fair value of the contingent consideration related to our acquisition of REV in December 2022.